Mon Pays – c’est l’Hiver ! “Québécitude” in song

MY COUNTRY

My country’s not a country, it’s winter,
my garden’s not a garden, it’s a vast plain,
my road is no road – it’s the snow !
My country’s not a country – it’s winter !

A ceremony all in white
where snow marries wind,
in this blizzard-land

my father built a house
and I’m going to honour
his ways, his example…
My guest room will be where
you return, season by season
and you’ll build too – right beside it.

My country’s not a country, it’s winter,
My refrain’s no refrain, it’s a gust of wind,
My house isn’t mine – it’s the winter-chill’s !

My country’s not a country – it’s winter !

All around my solitary land

I cry out before the silence,

to everyone on earth:
My house is yours, too.
Inside four walls of ice
with time and space
I make the fire, and a place
for People of the Horizon
– and these people are of my people.

My country’s not a country, it’s winter,
my garden’s not a garden, it’s the vast plain,
my road is no road – it’s  the snow !
My country’s not a country – it’s winter !

My country’s no country but the contrary
of country – neither land nor nation,
my song’s not a song – it’s my life !
And for you I wish to master these winters !

_____

MON PAYS

Mon pays ce n’est pas un pays, c’est l’hiver
Mon jardin ce n’est pas un jardin, c’est la plaine
Mon chemin ce n’est pas un chemin, c’est la neige
Mon pays ce n’est pas un pays, c’est l’hiver.

Dans la blanche cérémonie où la neige au vent se marie
Dans ce pays de poudrerie mon père a fait bâtir maison
Et je m’en vais être fidèle à sa manière à son modèle
La chambre d’amis sera telle qu’on viendra des autres saisons
pour se bâtir à côté d’elle.

Mon pays ce n’est pas un pays, c’est l’hiver
Mon refrain ce n’est pas un refrain, c’est rafale
Ma maison ce n’est pas ma maison, c’est froidure
Mon pays ce n’est pas un pays, c’est l’hiver.

De ce grand pays solitaire je crie avant que de me taire
A tous les hommes de la terre ma maison c’est votre maison
Entre mes quatre murs de glace je mets mon temps et mon espace
À préparer le feu, la place pour les humains de l’horizon
Et les humains sont de ma race.

Mon pays ce n’est pas un pays, c’est l’hiver
Mon jardin ce n’est pas un jardin, c’est la plaine
Mon chemin ce n’est pas un chemin, c’est la neige
Mon pays ce n’est pas un pays, c’est l’hiver.

Mon pays ce n’est pas un pays, c’est l’envers
D’un pays qui n’était ni pays ni patrie
Ma chanson ce n’est pas une chanson, c’est ma vie
C’est pour toi que je veux posséder mes hivers.

_____

Gilles Vigneault (born 1928) wrote “Mon Pays” for a 1965 NFB film,

La neige a fondu sur la Manicouagan.  This new folk song became an

instant classic – emblematic for Québec’s growing nationalist movement.

Editor’s note:

Almost two generations later the song does show its age, for the Canadian

essential-ideal of The Great White North – intrinsic to Canadians outside of

Québec as well – holds less sway in our collective identity.   Too, “Mon Pays”

is dated in that it captures the spirit of an isolated – if friendly – culture:

not the rumbling, restless Québec of the 1960s.  Rather the lyrics might well

describe a People more remote in time – the Far-North Inuit of the 19th-century.

Still, if there has been a place in Canada where winter is embraced and

not merely borne, it is Québec, where coureurs de bois and habitants

were the first of Canada’s White arrivals to adapt the Naskapi/Montagnais

Native People’s’ inventions – toboggans and snowshoes – to daily use both

practical and recreational.

And Québec leads the nation for Winter fun – not drear – with many jovial

outdoor festivals and an entrenched culture of open-air ice-skating parties !

_____

Translation from French into English:  Alexander Best


Hanukkah Poems: Light the Candle !

 

Mark Strand (born 1934)

“The Coming of Light”

 

 

Even this late it happens:

the coming of love, the coming of light.

You wake and the candles are lit as if by themselves,

stars gather, dreams pour into your pillows,

sending up warm bouquets of air.

Even this late the bones of the body shine

and tomorrow’s dust flares into breath.

 

 

 

_____

 

 

Aileen Fisher (1906-2002)

“Light the Festive Candles”

 

 

Light the first of eight tonight—

the farthest candle to the right.

 

Light the first and second, too,

when tomorrow’s day is through.

 

Then light three, and then light four—

every dusk one candle more

 

Till all eight burn bright and high,

honouring a day gone by

 

When the Temple was restored,

rescued from the Syrian lord,

 

And an eight-day feast proclaimed—

The Festival of Lights—well named

 

To celebrate the joyous day

when we regained the right to pray

to our own God in our own way.

 

_____

 


Canciones sefardíes de la Turquía

_____

Canciones sefardíes de la Turquía (2009)

en el idioma judeoespañol:

ג’ודיאו-איספאניול

 

Sephardic songs from Turkey (2009)

in Ladino (Judeo-Spanish)

 

*     *     *

 

Avram Avinu / Abraham our Father

 

 

Kuando el rey Nimrod al kampo saliya

Mirava en el cielo la esteriya

Vide luz santa en la cuderiya

Ke aviya de naser Avram Avinu.

 

Avram Avinu

Padre kerido

Padre bendiço

Luz de Israel

 

La mujer de terah kedo prenyada

De diya el ediya él le preguntava

De ke teneş la kara tan demudada

Eya ya saviya el bien ke teniya.

 

Avram Avinu

Padre kerido

Padre bendiço

Luz de Israel

 

*     *     *

 

Irme Kero Madre / Mother, I want to go

to Jerusalem

 

 

Ir me kero madre a Yeruşalayim

A pizar las yervas i artarme d’eyas

En él me arrimo yo

En él m’afiguro yo

Él es senyor de todo’l mundo.

 

A Yeruşalayim lo veyo d’enfrente

Pedri ayi mis ijos i paryentes

En él me arrimo yo

En él m’afiguro yo

Él es senyor de todo’l mundo.


יהודה עמיחי / Yehuda Amichai : “The two of us together and each one alone”

יהודה עמיחי

שנינו ביחד וכל אחד לחוד

ילדה שלי, עוד קיץ עבר
ואבי לא בא ללונה פארק.
הנדנדות מוסיפות לנוד.
שנינו ביחד וכל אחד לחוד.

אופק הים מאבד ספינותיו –
קשה לשמר על משהו עכשיו.
מאחורי ההר חכו הלוחמים.
כמה זקוקים אנו לרחמים.
שנינו ביחד וכל אחד לחוד.

ירח מנסר את העבים לשניים –
בואי ונצא לאהבת בינים.
רק שנינו נאהב לפני המחנות.
אולי אפשר עוד הכל לשנות.
שנינו ביחד וכל אחד לחוד.

אהבתי הפכה אותי כנראה
כים מלוח לטפות מתוקות של יורה;
אני מובא אליך לאט ונופל.
קבליני. אין לנו מלאך גואל.
כי שנינו ביחד .כל אחד לחוד.

_____

 

Look,  sweetie, one more summer’s turned dark
And my dad hasn’t come to the amusement park.
The swings keep swinging on their own.
The two of us together and each one alone.

 

The horizon loses its ships off the shore.
Hard to hold on to a thing anymore.
The fighters waited behind the hill.
How much we need of mercy still !
The two of us together and each one alone.

 

The moon is sawing the clouds in two.
Let hand-to-hand love bring me against you.
We alone will make love where the two camps fight.
Perhaps we can still make everything right.
The two of us together and each one alone.

 

As the first sweet rain was once salt sea
So,  it would seem,  has my love changed me.
I am brought to you slowly,  and fall.  My dear,
Receive me.   No angel redeems us here.
Because the two of us are together.  Each is alone.

 

_____

 

Yehuda Amichai (1924 – 2000) was one of

the first poets to compose in colloquial Hebrew.

Written in 1955, this simple, complex poem

makes reference to lease contracts:

“the two of us together and each one alone” – direct

from Hebrew and equivalent to the English legal

phrase  “both jointly and severally” — which we

can now read as the Palestinian-Israeli land

struggle.   The poem also draws upon a popular Israeli

children’s song of the 1950s:

“Daddy, come, let’s go to the Amusement Park !”

 

_____

 

We are grateful to A. Z.  Foreman for his translation

of the above poem from Hebrew into English.

Visit his website:   poemsintranslation.blogspot.com


О́сип Мандельшта́м / Osip Mandelstam: “Maddening cherry brandy”

 

Hagia Sophia

 

Hagia Sophia:  it was at this place

The Lord ordained that peoples and Caesars halt.

Your dome is, in a witness’s phrase,

As if hung by a chain from heaven’s vault.

 

And when Ephesian Diana allowed the looting

Of a hundred and seven green marble columns

For alien gods, it proved for ages yet to come

A monument to Justinian.

 

But what was it your generous builder meant

When he laid down apses and exhedrae,

As great his spirit as his intent,

Indicating to them east and west?

 

And bathing in the world, the shrine inspires awe,

Its forty windows are a celebration of light;

On the dome’s supporting vaults, the four

Archangels cause the most delight.

 

And the wisdom of his hemispherical dome

Shall outlive peoples, outlast the ages still to come,

While the full-voiced sobbing of the Seraphim

Shall not let its darkened gilding dim.

 

 

 

1912

_____

Ленинград

 

Я вернулся в мой город, знакомый до слез,
До прожилок, до детских припухлых желез.


Ты вернулся сюда, так глотай же скорей
Рыбий жир ленинградских речных фонарей,


Узнавай же скорее декабрьский денек,
Где к зловещему дегтю подмешан желток.


Петербург! я еще не хочу умирать!
У тебя телефонов моих номера.


Петербург! У меня еще есть адреса,
По которым найду мертвецов голоса.


Я на лестнице черной живу, и в висок
Ударяет мне вырванный с мясом звонок,


И всю ночь напролет жду гостей дорогих,
Шевеля кандалами цепочек дверных.





1930

 

Leningrad

 

 

I returned to my city, familiar as tears,

As veins, as mumps from childhood years.

 

You’ve returned here, so swallow as quick as you can

The cod-liver oil of Leningrad’s riverside lamps.

 

Recognize when you can December’s brief day:

Egg yolk folded into its ominous tar.

 

Petersburg, I don’t yet want to die:

You have the numbers of my telephones.

 

Petersburg, I have addresses still

Where I can raise the voices of the dead.

 

I live on the backstairs and the doorbell buzz

Strikes me in the temple and tears at my flesh.

 

And all night long I await those dear guests of yours,

Rattling, like manacles, the chains on the doors.

 

 

 

 

1930

 

_____

Я скажу тебе с

последней прямотой…

 

"Mа Vоiх аigrе еt fаussе..."
Paul Verlaine


Я скажу тебе с последней
Прямотой:
Все лишь бредни, шерри-бренди,
Ангел мой.


Там где эллину сияла
Красота,
Мне из черных дыр зияла
Срамота.


Греки сбондили Елену
По волнам,
Ну а мне - соленой пеной
По губам.


По губам меня помажет
Пустота,
Строгий кукиш мне покажет
Нищета.


Ой-ли, так-ли, дуй-ли, вей-ли,
Все равно.
Ангел Мэри, пей коктейли,
Дуй вино!


Я скажу тебе с последней
Прямотой:
Все лишь бредни, шерри-бренди,
Ангел мой.




1931


 

I’ll tell you bluntly…

 

 
"Mа Vоiх аigrе еt fаussе..."
(My sour, false Voice...)
Рaul Verlaine


I’ll tell you bluntly

One last time:

It’s only maddening cherry brandy,

Angel mine.

 

Where the Greeks saw just their raped

Beauty’s fame,

Through black holes at me there gaped

Nought but shame.

 

But the Greeks hauled Helen home

In their ships.

Here a smudge of salty foam

Flecks my lips.

 

What rubs my lips and leaves no trace?

— Vacancy.

What thrusts a V-sign in my face?

— Vagrancy.

 

Quickly, wholly, or slowly as a snail,

All the same,

Mary, angel, drink your cocktail,

Down your wine.

I’ll tell you bluntly

One last time:

It’s only maddening cherry brandy,

Angel mine.

 

 

1931

 

_____

 

Osip Mandelstam (1891-1938) was from a Polish-Jewish

family and grew up in St.Petersburg (later Leningrad), Russia.

His first poems appeared in 1913, and, after The Revolution

and Stalin’s increasing tendency toward totalitarianism,

Mandelstam made no effort to hide his non-conformist views.

Seized at a Moscow reading in 1934, he was banished from “the

big cities”.  During The Great Purge of 1937, accused of

anti-Soviet views, he was arrested again and died en route to a

Gulag camp in Siberia.

 

Translations from Russian into English:   Bernard Meares

_____


Oración a La Virgen de Guadalupe: José Valdez

ZP_foto de la escultura gigante de La Guadalupana_12 diciembre 2011_Xicotepec de Juárez

Oración a La Virgen de Guadalupe

por José Valdez (México)

“A mi Virgen de Guadalupe”

.

Necesito tu ayuda

me siento perdido

mis ojos se nublan

no encuentro el camino

tú que eres buena

y muy milagrosa

te pido, morena,

muchísimas cosas

pido por la gente

que quiero yo tanto

que siempre se encuentren

bajo de tu manto

pido me des fuerzas

que encuentre el camino

y que me protejas

con tu manto fino

eres muy hermosa

linda virgencita

pareces una rosa

que nunca se marchita

con solo mirarte

me llenas de paz

con solo tocarte

la vida me das

me inspiras confianza

y mucha ternura

me das esperanzas

y también dulzura

esa verde manta

que cubre tu cabeza

te hace ver más santa

y llena de pureza

ese resplandor

que a ti te rodea

es un bello sol

que nunca te quema

esos lindos ojos

parecen dos diamantes

y tu vestido rojo

te hace ver radiante

sé que tú me quieres

yo siempre lo supe

por eso, para mí, eres

Mi Virgen de Guadalupe.

*

“To my Virgin of Guadalupe”

.

I need your help

I am lost

my eyes cloud over

I cannot find the path,

you who are good

so very miraculous

I ask of you, morena,

very very many things

I ask for those people that I love so,

that always they may find themselves

blanketed within your cloak,

I ask that you may give me strength

that I might find the way

and that you may protect me

within your fine cloak,

you are most beautiful

lovely dear Virgin

you seem like a rose

that never wilts

I merely gaze upon you

and you fill me with peace

I touch you, merely,

and you give me life,

you inspire trust in me

and much tender feeling,

hope you give me,

gentleness too,

that green scarf

that covers your head

makes you look most saintly

and full of purity,

that dazzling gleam

surrounding you

is a beautiful sun

that never burns,

those lovely eyes

are as two diamonds,

and your red robe

makes you radiant,

I know that you love me,

always I knew it,

and, for that reason, for me, you are

My Virgin of Guadalupe.

*

We thank Mr. Valdez for his

poem from the heart honouring

Our Lady of Guadalupe on this

her feast day, December 12th.

Translation from Spanish into English:

Alexander Best

*


¡Tlazocamati, Tonantzin! / Thank You, Sacred Mother!

Tonantzin Guadalupe

Poema de Nezahualcóyotl

(1402-1472, Rey nahua/mexica de Texcoco)

“Tonantzin”

 

Tonantzin;
icuac nehuatl nimiquiz
xinechtoca notlecuilco
ihuan quemman ticchihuaz
motlaxcal xinechchoquili.
Ihuan tla aca mitztlatlaniz
Tonantzin. Tleica tichoca?
Xicnanquili; in cuahuitl xoxochuic
ihuan in poctli nechchoctia.

*

“Madrecita”

Madrecita;
cuando yo muera
entiérrame junto a tu hoguera
y cuando hagas tortillas
llora por mí
y si alguien te pregunta
Madrecita ¿Por qué lloras?
Responde; Es que la leña que está verde
y es el humo que me hace llorar.

*

“Sacred Mother”

Little Mother,

when I die

bury me next to your cooking fire

and when you make tortillas

cry for me

and if anyone asks you:

Sacred Mother, why do you cry?

Tell them:  It’s only that the fire-wood’s green

and the smoke hurts my eyes…

*


Nican mopohua (“Here is recounted…”): December 9th, 1531

 

 

…..Auh in acico in inahuac tepetzintli in itocayocan Tepeyacac,

ye tlatlalchipahua…..

*

Concac in icpac tepetzintli cuicoa, yuhquin nepapan tlazototome cuica;

cacahuani in intozqui, iuhquin quinananquilia tepetl, huel cenca teyolquima,

tehuellamachti in incuic; quicenpanahuia in coyoltotl in tzinitzcan ihuan in

occequin tlazototome ic cuica…..

*

“Canin ye nica? Canin ye ninotta? Cuix ye oncan in quitotehuaque huehuetque

tachtohuan tococolhuan, in xochitlalpan in tonacatlalpan,

cuix ye oncan ilhuicatlalpan?”…..

*

In oyuhceuhtiquiz in cuicatl, inomocactimoman in yeequicaqui

hualnotzalo inicpac tepetzintli, quilhuia: “Juantzin, Juan Diegotzin”…..

*

Auh in ye acitiuh in icpac tepetzintli, in ye oquimottili ce Cihuapilli

oncanmoquetzinoticac, quihualmonochili inic onyaz in inahuactzinco…..

*

Auh in tetl, in texcalli in ic itech moquetza, inic quimina…..

*

Auh in mizquitl, in nopalli ihuan occequin nepapan xiuhtotontin

oncan mochichihuani yuhquin quetzaliztli. Yuhqui in teoxihuitl in

iatlapalio neci. Auh in icuauhyo, in ihuitzyo, in iahuayo yuhqui in

cozticteocuitlatl in pepetlaca…..

*

Quimolhuili:  “Tlaxiccaqui noxocoyotl Juantzin, campa in timohuica?”

*

Auh in yehuatl quimonanquilili: “Notecuiyoé, Cihuapillé, Nochpochtziné!

Ca ompa nonaciz mochantzinco México-Tlatilolco,

nocontepotztoca in Teyotl…..”

 

_____  *  _____  *  _____

 

…..And as he drew near the little hill called Tepeyac

it was beginning to dawn…..

*

He heard singing on the little hill, like the song of many precious birds;

when their voices would stop, it was as if the hill were answering them;

extremely soft and delightful; their songs exceeded the songs of the

coyoltotl and the tzinitzcan and other precious birds…..

*

“Where am I? Where do I find myself? Is it possible that I am in the

place our ancient ancestors, our grandparents, told about, in the

land of the flowers, in the land of corn, of our flesh, of our sustenance,

possibly in the land of heaven?”…..

*

And then when the singing suddenly stopped, when it could no longer

be heard, he heard someone calling him, from the top of the hill, someone

was saying to him: “Juan, Dearest Juan Diego”…..

*

And when he reached the top of the hill, a Maiden who was standing there,

who spoke to him, who called to him to come close to her…..

*

And the stone, the crag on which she stood, seemed to be giving out rays…..

*

And the mesquites and nopales and the other little plants that are up there

seemed like emeralds. Their leaves, like turquoise. And their trunks, their

thorns, their prickles, were shining like gold…..

*

She said to him, “Listen, my dearest-and-youngest son, Juan,

Where are you going?”

*

And he answered her: “My Lady, my Queen, my Beloved Maiden!

I am going as far as your little house in Mexico-Tlatilolco,

to follow the things of God…..”

 

 

*   *   *   *   *

 

On December 9th, 1531, Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin (1474-1548)

encountered a radiant native-Mexican woman at Tepayac Hill

(site of a former temple to the Aztec Earth-Mother goddess Tonantzin).

He knew her to be Santa María Totlaconantzin – Mary, Our

Precious Mother – and she spoke to him in his own language – Náhuatl.

*

Tepayac is now the location of the largest shrine in Latin America –

La Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe / The Basilica of

Our Lady of Guadalupe – the name by which Juan Diego’s

Virgin Mary is known in México today…

Popularly, she is also called The Mother of All México.

Juan Diego was canonized by Pope John Paul II in 2002.

*

The above text – in the original Náhuatl (language of the Aztecs)

plus English translation by D. K. Jordan – is taken from

Nican mopohua (“Here is recounted…”)

by Antonio Valeriano (1556),  and is the first chapter in the

written telling of the miraculous life of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin.

Valeriano was a native-Mexican scholar in three languages

– his birth-language, Náhuatl, plus Spanish and Latin.

Nican mopohua forms part of a larger volume,

Huei tlamahuiçoltica (“The Great Happening”),

published by Luis Laso de la Vega in 1649.   The book is a

crucial Náhuatl text from the 16th and 17th centuries

– a period of immense trauma during which a new race

el Mestizo – and a new nationality – Mexican – were being forged.


Rin Ishigaki: “Myself: a far-off island”

_____

 

The Economy

 


The phrase ‘economic animal’
I suppose is already fairly old.
Quite a gap exists between
The time when they said we seem that way
And now when we are that way.
Now then we economic animals
Will think about the economy.
From the time that I was born I’ve just been counting money.
That was what we were taught in the home
By the state.
People only count the time they have left
When it has started to run out.
We live terribly impoverished lives.
We die terribly lonely deaths.

 

 

 

(1987)

 

_____

 

 

At the Bathhouse

 

 

In Tokyo
At the public bathhouse the price went up to 19 yen and so
When you pay 20 yen at the counter
You get one yen change.

Women have no leeway in their lives
To be able to say that
They don’t need one yen
And so though they certainly accept the change
They have no place to put it
And drop it in between their washing things.

Thanks to that
The happy aluminium coins
Soak to their fill in hot water
And are splashed with soap.

One yen coins have the status of chess pawns
So worthless that they’re likely to bob up even now
In the hot water.

What a blessing to be of no value
In monetary terms.

A one yen coin
Does not distress people in the way a 1,000 yen note does
Is not as sinful as a 10,000 yen note
The one yen coin in the bath
With healthy naked women.

 

 

 

(1968)

 

_____

 

 

Island

 

 

I am standing in a large mirror.
A solitary
Small island.
Separated from everyone.

I know
The history of the island.
The dimensions of the island.
Waist, bust and hips.
Seasonal dress.
The singing of birds.
The hidden spring.
The flower’s fragrance.

As for me
I live on the island.
I have cultivated it, built it.
Yet
It is impossible to know
Everything about the island.
Impossible to take up permanent residence.

In the mirror staring at
Myself: A far-off island.

 

 

 

(2004)

 

_____


Rin Ishigaki (Ishigaki Rin in Japanese name-order)

was born in Tokyo in 1920 and died in 2004.

She worked for four decades as a bank clerk, kept

house, cooked, and cared for ageing parents.

Her first book of poems was published in 1959.

Without pretension or preciousness, her poems

are well-liked by people who might normally

steer clear of poetry!

These are thoughtful statements about ordinary life

– written in simple, straightforward Japanese –

and are sometimes used to teach the language to children,

as well as to foreign students.

 

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Translations from Japanese:

Leith Morton

 

Ishigaki’s original three Japanese poems are featured below.

 

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Inuo Taguchi: “Morning Discussion”

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Inuo Taguchi

MORNING DISCUSSION

 

 

I had a strange dream.
An airplane –
it doesn’t fall straight down
but crashes horizontally.
“Don’t ask me how.
It happened in my dream.”

Now, in this ‘modern’ world
it’s common for vertical things to change into horizontal.
So it’s nothing to make a fuss about
that a plane should crash horizontally.
“Why are you making such a big deal out of it?
Nonsense is commonsense nowadays.”

Don’t worry. If you tip over you glass, wine will spill out.
If you let go of a knife, it’ll fall straight down.
Our world, as ever,
obeys divine providence.
What doesn’t obey it is your dream and –
“No, don’t turn on the television.
It’s never told us good stories. It never will.”

I am listening to the morning discussion half-heartedly,
for I only want to think about poetry.
But my thoughts suddenly turn to the grasslands of

Kharakhorum.
There, too, are things that should be floating in air

floating in air?

There, too, is what should be falling falling?
Do things never crash horizontally?
Is what should be landing landing
and what should be ascending ascending?

Suddenly I feel like confirming it
and begin to be restless.
The soul begins slowly spiraling.
A kitchen kettle
begins honking like a horn.

 

*
from:  Hush-a-bye

(2004)

Translation from Japanese:

William I. Elliott and Kazuo Kawamura

The original Japanese poem is featured below.

 

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Inuo Taguchi was born in 1967 in Tokyo, Japan.  His pen-

name, Inuo, means Dog-Man.  He began to write poetry

in his early twenties and his first book came out in 1995.

He has been described as having a “self-less voice” as a poet,

meaning he is off to the side, even out of the “story”

– and often his poems are little stories.

At festivals he reads his poems aloud – usually barefoot.

His poems have been translated into Turkish – among a bunch

of languages.

He muses:  “I feel that poetry must strive to open giant

air holes in human consciousness.”